Heat and water for example are not good for any battery. But it is surprising to me how many people use their battery and device in both and of course that represents several failure modes. An example is when one of our customers several years ago always took his iPod mini into the sauna at his gym. Well that is not the best place for a battery or device. Eventually his battery died and so did the device. That is a bad failure mode brought about be a user. Another example is when there are metallic electrode shavings evident in the batteries electrolyte. When current is running from one electrode to another through the electrolyte the shavings cause any battery to short circuit. The short circuiting could result in the battery smoking, bubbling or stopping. That is an example of bad manufacturing and of course a failure effect. Another example of a failure mode is when you open the battery casing. If you open the casing once it is sealed hermeneutically then you run the big risk of causing a failure mode to occur.

In any event - any failure mode will cause a battery to either operate at a lower performance than originally designed or stop working period. One interesting side note is that devices can operate with a battery that is at a lower voltage (but not higher voltage) as the device originally manufactured. The reason is because a battery's voltage is not necessarily a static measurement.

Volts - or V - are an electrical measure of energy potential. Voltage can also be thought of as the amount of "pressure" of electrons that pass from a negative connector to a positive connector. Or V can be defined as the measure of the strength of an electrical source of power for a given current level.

Voltage can also be defined as the Electrical Potential difference - a quantity in physics related to the amount of energy that would be required to move an object from one place to another against various types of force. In the fields of electronics the electrical potential difference is the amount of work per charge needed to move electric charge from the second point to the first, or equivalently, the amount of work that unit charge flowing from the first point to the second can perform.

Mathematically voltage is commonly measured by V= I x R; where V=Voltage, I=Current, R=Resistance.

Beyond the definition what challenges many is the confusion that a battery contains four unique types of voltage measurements.
Each voltage measurement type residing in a battery effects battery life.

• Float Voltage – is battery voltage at zero current (with battery disconnected).
• Nominal Voltage – is battery voltage range 3.7V, 5.2V, 10.2V, 12V etc that says that a voltage range exists depending on the number of cells in the battery. For example a 12 Volt battery is made of 6 cells and has a Float voltage of about 12V.
• Charge Voltage - The voltage of a battery while charging.
• Discharge Voltage - The voltage of a battery while discharging. Again, this voltage is determined by the charge state and the current flowing in the battery. 

So in effect it is possible that a device will operate on a battery at lower voltage. I hope this answers your question.

uestion from a reader: “How many cells are in the Toshiba Satellite M105-S3041 Laptop Battery? The battery is for a Toshiba Satellite M105-S3041 and its technical ratings are 10.8 volts 8800 mAh, Lithium Ion

The question from the reader is a great question for it gets to the heart of battery manufacturing and begins to unravel the power of a battery. The answer is simply: 12 cells. But what does the answer mean and how does the number of cells relate to the overall value of a battery? Let’s find out…

What is a Battery and How Does it Create Energy?

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries have two electrodes, an anode (the negative end) and a cathode (the positive end). Collectively the anode and the cathode are called the electrodes. What is positve and what is the negative terminal? It would be great to simply say that the anode is negative and the cathode is positive, however, that is not always the case. Somtimes the opposite is true depending on battery technology.

In between the battery’s two electrodes runs an electrical current caused primarily from a voltage differential between the anode and cathode. The voltage runs through a chemical called an electrolyte (which can be either liquid or solid). This battery consisting of two electrodes is called a voltaic cell.

Therefore batteries in effect create electrochemical energy. In order to convert chemical energy into electrical energy there is a chain of events that have to occur prior to the creation of electrical energy. Key to the creation of electrochemical energy in batteries is that electrical energy is injected into two chemicals in a solution. Electricity is introduced into a battery via a charger. The charger acts as a conduit of the pushing electrons that are forcing their way into the chemical lithium. This charge process involves intercalation: the joining of a molecule (or molecule group) between two other molecules (or groups). Intercalation is the process of ions being pushed by electrical current into solid lithium compounds. Lithium is one of the chemical components used to create electrical energy in batteries. Lithium compounds have minuscule spaces between the crystallized planes for small ions to insert themselves from a force of current. Ionizing lithium loads the crystal planes to the point where they are forced into a current flow. Intercalation replenishes, in effect, lithium but the net result of ionization is the ultimate depletion of the lithium reactive property. You could say if you use it you will lose it!

But what makes lithium good for batteries is that lithium is one of the metals in the alkali group (the other metals include Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium). Lithium is a highly reactive metal. Lithium has only one electron in its outer shell (two electrons in its inner shell), which makes it chemically “ready” to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. Lithium is used as a battery anode material (due to its high electrochemical potential). Electrochemical potential is the sum of the chemical potential and the electrical potential. The higher the electrochemical potential the better the electrical current yields. In some lithium-based cells the electrochemical potential can be five times greater than an equivalent-sized lead-acid cell and three times greater than alkaline batteries. One other core advantage that lithium has is that it is soft and bendable which allows for tight configurations in small cell designs (PDAs. Laptops, Cameras etc…).

What Type of Lithium Cell is Used in Laptops

Now this brings us to battery cells and our original question from the reader. Lithium based battery cells are good but there are a variety of lithium based battery cells. For example the lithium based cell identified as 18650 is one of the most common battery cell on the market for laptops. 18650 is manufactured by many manufacturers including many private branded companies to public companies like LG, Sony, Sanyo, Samsung, Panasonic.

18650 is a 3.6V cylindrical Li-Ion cell. 18650 has no memory effect (distinguish between digital memory effect) and longer storage life than NiMH battery cells. 18650 is light weight and has a high energy density. It is in effect perfect for building batteries for laptop and other portable power devices.

The additional technical specifications for the 18650 battery cell include:

• Nominal Voltage Average 3.7 V – the concept of nominal voltage is that voltage range exists depending on the number of cells in the battery.
• Nominal Capacity - 2200 mAh (above 2200 the stability of lithium based cells is called into question)
• • Max. Charging Current - 2.4 Amps Max.
• • Max. Discharging Current - 4.6 Amps max.
• • Dimensions (DxH)  18.3 mm (Max 18.4) x 64.9 mm (Max 65.1)
• • Weight   46.5 g (1.64 oz) 
• Internal Impedance  Internal Impedance: less or equal to 90 ohms 
• Cycle Performance is 80% of initial capacity at 300 cycles

Now as stated above the reader asked how many cells were in the Toshiba Satellite M105-S3041 Laptop Battery? The battery is rated at 10.8 volts and a capacity of 8800 mAh.

As I mentioned above the nominal voltage average is 3.7V. Some manufacturers may use 3.6V and some may use 3.7V. In the case of a laptop battery with 10.8V the nominal voltage rating used is 3.6V. Thus if we divide 10.8V by 3.6V we get 3. Thus 3 cells in a series. We also know that the batteries capacity is 8800 mAh. We know the nominal capacity is 2200 mAh. Therefore if we divide 8800 mAh by 2200 mAh then we get 4 in parallel.

Therefore we have 3 cells in series X 4 cells in parallel equals 12 cells in total.

Until next time - Dan Hagopian, Laptop Batteries

The Little Black Dress (LBD) is a little piece of fashion heaven that every girl should own. For an evening out with the girls, to an evening out with the significant other, it can go with you anywhere.

The thing is, though, between the months of March and August (and sometimes September) I question how light and fun the LBD is. But, after seeing Jaime Pressly in this little LBD at the “I Love You Man” premiere, I think that I can pull off a LBD look in the Spring/Summer.

If you’re like I am and am questioning the LBD look during the warmer months, check out this Oscar de la Renta Paillette (that’s Jay Manuel for explaining what those were during Oscars 2009!) embellished dress from net-a-porter for $4,790.

This straight off the runway silk organza dress with snazzy embelishments and a big ole bow in the middle.  I like the bow..a bit. I don’t know. What do you think? The sleeveless look makes it really versatile. That’s what makes it so good for the Spring/Summer.rolex replicas

Photos from: Bauer Griffin & Net-A-Porter

Take 15% off your online order or 20% off online order when you spend $300.00 or more with your Bloomingdale's Card. Offer valid on Wednesday, February 25, 2009 only. Use code FASHION at checkout. Offer valid online and in-store.

Certain designer and brand exclusions apply and the offer is not valid on cosmetics, fragrances, fine jewelry, men's electronics, electronic gift cards, Marc Jacobs Collection, Not Your Daughter's Jeans and UGG Australia.

There's a big range of designer clothing and designer shoes as well as designer handbags from a top line up of designers to choose from. You'll find designer clothing including dresses and skirts, short and long, casual and formal, sophisticated and chic from Diane von Furstenberg, Tory Burch, Trina Turk, Rachel Pally, and Velvet by Graham and Spencer just to name a few. Also check out the designer shoes and designer handbags by labels including Cole Haan, Juicy Couture, Kate Spade and Tory Burch.

From the designer clothing range I like the BCBGMAXAZRIA Short Strapless Dress. This short strapless, striped organza dress in pure silk has a sweetheart neckline, banded, beaded empire waist and a gorgeous pleated skirt with side boning at the bodice and clear grip strip for extra hold. It's fully lined and priced at $318. Easily dress this chic number up with heels, a clutch and some basic jewelry.

The Tory Burch Bombe Reva clutch in distressed metallic leather, shown in the picture below would be just perfect. This fully lined metallic clutch has a removable chain shoulder strap with a 9" drop from shoulder and front flap with concealed magnetic closure. It measures 12"W x 6.5"H x .5"D and has double interior zip pockets.

The Rebecca Taylor zebra strapless dress priced at $295 is also cute. It's made in cotton/silk and as shown in the second picture features a tonal zebra print. I love the Lupine color! This strapless dress has a sweetheart neckline and inverted pleating under its empire waist. By the way I love the heels in this picture, don't you?

From the designer handbags I just love the Kooba Women's Ryder Tote (see the very first picture above). In particular, I love the color and style of this handbag. Made from Italian leather, the Kooba Ryder shoulder tote measures 14"H x 15.75"W x 5.25"D and has eye-catching zipper details. It has double flat shoulder straps with an 8.5" drop from the shoulder and features shiny nickel hardware. It also has one large zip pocket and two cell phone pockets. This handbag is available in Pink, Yellow and Black but I'll have it in Pink thank you! Priced at $595 before the discount, the fully lined Kooba Ryder tote is a must see handbag.

Prada Fabric Tote Bag - Blue

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D&G deep coffee PU leather handbag

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D&G deep coffee PU leather handbag

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D&G deep coffee PU leather handbag

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Gucci O' handbag

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For your commercial business and other things to be conducted properly you would obviously need a vehicle. Presence of vehicle for carrying goods is must and many things in a commercial business depend on the availability of a vehicle or a goods carrying van. If you do not have money then should adopt the commercial van finance replica handbags

Such finance will be available in two forms to you. These are the secured and unsecured loans. The secured loans will be useful if you want to buy a costly and brand new van for your commercial purposes. These loan will offer you bigger amount and the rate of interest too is suitable, i.e., not high. You must pledge any of your valuable assets as collateral in order to secure these loans. The unsecured loans too are good as nothing needs to be placed as collateral here. Though the money offered in it is not so big still it is good for buying cheap or used van. For avoiding the higher interest rate of these loans you can opt for other loans that are available in the loan market.

You can go for any of these loans for buying any commercial van you want. After opting for these loans you will not have to think or care for other matters as these loans use to offer 90 to 100% of the van's real value. For buying the used vans too you can avail these loans. However, you must remember to prove it to the lender that the van is not older than 5 years.

The bad credit holder too can gain these loans for their commercial transportation. Commercial van finance is available even to the worst credit score holder. Arrears, defaults, bankruptcy, late payment, skipping of installments or CCJs are always allowed here.

Many businesses are looking at ways in which to be more environmentally aware green. One such way is by applying for the ISO14001 accreditation. The ISO14001 proves a company’s environmental credentials which in this day and age enhances the corporate image and actually saves the company or organisation money by reducing energy consumption.

The hotel and leisure industry is notorious for its energy consumption. From the hot water and laundry to the on-site facilities such as heated swimming pools, saunas, and Jacuzzis. All are energy intensive and contribute significantly to a hotel’s energy demand and carbon footprint.


The Lake District is seeing an increase in tourism related businesses taking a more serious look at their energy consumption and resulting carbon footprint and are taking action. The larger Lake District hotels and leisure complexes obviously have the most to do but there is help in the form of CBEN, the Cumbria Business Environment Network and supporting tourism partnerships. This area is a haven for walkers and many visitors take a very keen interest in environmental issues.

There are a huge number of ways hotels in the Lake District can improve their carbon footprint. The introduction of alternative, renewable energy generation technologies onsite is one of the biggest but most beneficial to both the environment and the energy bills of the business. In the current climate of rising energy prices, it is beneficial for both. Biomass energy production is being implemented in the area for example in the village of Eskdale and as the location of many Lake District hotels are amongst large managed woodland areas, there is potential availability of raw materials. Installing a biomass burner can save a large hotel up to £35,000 per year on their energy ill although this is dependent on future LPG prices.


Other ways in which a Lake District hotel can implement changes is by installing a charcoal oven, Installing low energy light fittings, minimization of waste and the creation of recycling schemes, solar power, hydro power and new, efficient LPG boilers.

 

All this action can then be used for marketing purposes. There is not a news bulletin that goes by without an environment story somewhere. A tourism business which has implemented changes such as any of the above have a real unique selling point. They can recoup the costs of installing these alternative energy sources but increase their visitor numbers at the same time so benefitting the environment, the hotel’s profit and the guest’s conscience.

Owning your own home has always been part of the American dream. Everyone would rather have their own place so they can do what they like to their house. When people rent from someone else, you are subject to the owner desires. Sometimes you can not paint the walls the color you would like. You may or may not be able to have a pet and some places like apartments can even dictate how much company you can have and how long they can stay. These are just some reasons that people do not want to rent or lease.

Another aspect of owning your own home is that you are not gaining an investment of any kind when you are paying out rent each month. All of the money you pay a land lord is just for your living there for that length of time and you will never own a piece of that property. It is no wonder that so many people have taken advantage of the opportunities to actually buy their own home. In the past a potential home buyer had to save up thousands of dollars for a down payment and had to meet all kinds of criteria before a mortgage company or bank would finance a house for you, but the past ten or so years many companies made it a lot easier to make this dream come true a lot faster.

With the relaxing of the requirements and down payment required in recent years, so many new home buyers purchased homes that really were out of their price range. They often had the payments set with what is referred to as an ARM or in laymen terms, an adjustable rate mortgage. What a mistake this has been for a large number of these buyers. When the rates went up, so did their monthly payments. This is one of the very reasons that foreclosures on homes have been running wild the past couple of years.

The question that everyone involved is trying to answer, the home owners and the mortgage companies and banks alike, is what can be done to stop this flood of foreclosures. Everyone is seems to be on the losing end. The home prices have dropped which means that selling a home for what you expected it to be worth is not likely right now. When the homes are foreclosed on, the financiers are having a hard time reselling because of the economy. The home owner loses all they have invested when they are foreclosed on and are ending up with nothing for their efforts.

So far the right answer to this problem has not been found. In the future people must pay closer attention to the terms they agree to and also what they can really afford to buy comfortably. Having a smaller home you can keep should be better than buying a nicer one you end up losing.

Having a bad credit problem has become quite common these days. A majority of people are in the UK are suffering from bad credit problems these days. However what does such a person do in times of need? Well one can rely on bad credit personal loans. They help to tackle your bad credit problem and get you the funds that you desire. One may be needing money for a new TV, for making investments, for buying a car, a holiday etc. it can be any thing. The borrower is free to spend as he likes.

 

Bad credit personal loans are of two types: secured and unsecured. The secured ones are that which will ask you to pledge collateral against the loan amount. The collateral can be in the form of any thing, a house or any other asset. They will be cheap as the risk for the lender will be less. The unsecured ones do not require you to give any collateral. These will cost you more as the risk towards the lender will be more.

 
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The loan amount will depend on your repaying power but it will range from £5000 to £75000. The time duration will be 5 years to 25 years for the secured ones and from 1 to 10 years for the unsecured ones. In the unsecured ones the loan amount will also range from £1000 to £25000.

 

Another important feature about personal loans bad credit is that if you repay on time you will get a chance to improve your credit ratings. Hence it will further help you when you want to take a loan. One can also get competitive rates if you try different lenders.

WHARTON, TEXAS -- With Hurricane Ike gathering strength over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico on Wednesday, authorities ordered mandatory or voluntary evacuations in four low-lying counties along the Texas coast as frail and elderly residents were bused to safety inland.

Ike barreled across the gulf past Cuba, strengthening into a Category 2 hurricane with maximum winds near 100 mph. Forecasters predicted the storm would become a Category 3 -- possibly a Category 4 -- before making landfall somewhere between Corpus Christi and Houston early Saturday.
To accommodate those fleeing the storm, state troopers opened the shoulder of the northbound lanes of Interstate 37 between Corpus Christi and San Antonio.

Along interstates in Houston and its suburbs, overhead electronic signs read: "HURRICANE FORMING IN GULF -- FILL YOUR GAS TANKS."

Oil companies removed workers from more than 400 production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, although most such facilities were made stronger after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. "It is imperative that residents pay attention to this storm, heed warnings from their local leaders and take the steps necessary to protect their families, homes and businesses," Gov. Rick Perry said.

Michael Peterson, who lives outside Houston, was at a Lowe's store southwest of the city, loading his shopping cart with gasoline cans, bottled water, batteries and a battery-operated lantern.

"Just playing it safe," Peterson said at the checkout counter. "I don't know if I'm staying or leaving, but at least I know I'll be prepared."

The store was handing out hurricane preparedness guides, complete with a paper map of the Gulf of Mexico and Texas for customers to chart Ike's course. Stacked at the entrance were gas cans, bottled water, batteries, duct tape and plastic sheeting.

The governor has issued a disaster declaration for 88 counties in southeastern Texas ahead of the storm. Parts of three coastal counties were under a mandatory evacuation order, as were several state parks and the low-lying west end of Galveston Island, southeast of Houston.

No evacuation has been ordered for Harris County, which includes Houston. But authorities were concerned that, depending on where Ike strikes, storm surges could flood parts of Houston with waters from its bayous and Galveston Bay. There were similar concerns down the coast in Matagorda Bay.

Ike already has battered Haiti and Cuba, toppling buildings in Havana and forcing an estimated 2.5 million people to flee. The storm is targeting Texas less than two months after Hurricane Dolly, a Category 2 storm, caused $1.2 billion in damage along the far southern Texas coast after making landfall near the Mexican border.

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Olympic Beijing 2008 Speed master 5-Counter Chronograph, is with 18K gold/rose gold and stainless steel case, 44.25mm diameter. Chronometer of hour, minute, second, date, day, 30minutes, 12 hours and seven days. With special Omega 3888 self-winding movement, which is certified by COSC. Dynamic storage is 52 hours, water resistant to 100m, crocodile pack watchband with 18k golden button or stainless steel chain belt or stainless steel with crocodile pack watchband. The Suggested Retail Price is 226,400~632,100 new Taiwan dollar.

The special made Omega Speedmaster 5-Counter Chronograph, with five chrono dials designed as Olympic Rings. Second chorometer, seven days chronometer, date display, 12 hours chronometer and 30 minutes chronometer are set at 3 o’clock position in order. You can see what is on the dial through sapphire mirror with double layers. Since the spare parts of Omega Speedmaster 5-Counter Chronograph are very accurately designed, so the assemble procedures are more difficult, showing the perfect of top wristwatch and elaborate watch making technology.
The first impression to Olympic Beijing 2008 Speedmaster 5-Counter Chronograph has been quite different, and this wristwatch with five chronometer dials is not only special in dial design, it is also special inside with the self-winding 3888 movement which is a pride of Omega, and this kind of movement can assure the liability and accuracy even when the watch works for a long time. The 3888 movement has been certified by COSC, and the dynamic storage is high to 52 hours. Olympic Beijing 2008 Speedmaster 5-Counter Chronograph has four editions. What is more, there are Olympic Rings, logo of Omega and the English of “Official Timekeeper” being carved on the back of Olympic Beijing 2008 Speedmaster 5-Counter Chronograph, which indicates the long history between this brand and Olympic Games.

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These days Internet Advertising companies are putting special emphasis in article marketing. It is very important to know how this works and how Internet Advertising Companies are profiting from marketing articles. The reason why an Internet Advertising Company would market articles to their clients is obviously due to the deep interests in the readers. These articles are featured in different styles and variety. These articles usually cover different topics and by saying that a large range of them. Word lengths vary and the style and format differs. Most articles are informative, that is they would contain information about a particular topic and talk about it in detail. Some articles discuss issues. The articles are written to get the user thinking about quality buying decision.

It is best to understand how the increasing popularity of article sites, their directories are creating an impact on Internet Advertising Companies. Such companies essentially adhere to developing their websites through enriching and editing these articles and making their websites actually article-oriented so the user can have a good read on various topics covered and relating issues dealt with. These orientation of websites towards creating a huge collection of articles help all sorts of online businesses. It is indeed very important for these Internet Advertising Companies to have a sophisticated search link on their websites. There are a plethora of websites and Internet Advertising companies that are doing this by creating the portals, sites and directories.

This is how this business works: If an Internet Advertising Company owns these websites then these articles can posted on these websites in order to make the parent site less bulky. A reference link is usually placed on the right side column of a website in order to accept submissions. So what actually happens is the Internet Advertising Company make these articles good for search engine optimization and the benefit they get out of it is that the sites get listed in the search engines. SEO strategists make article marketing strategies more reader friendly and optimized according to the search engine. This process is cost effective.